Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist inclinations. However, it is more stable than what one might expect.
The country is seeking a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild foods. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. These tribes formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy business, making iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, and writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and other senior officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of its population were peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and often required them to serve in the army or work on government projects such as building fortifications.
At the end of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and admired by even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. 에볼루션 룰렛 and movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of graves that were lined with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are also common throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by several states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period the development paradigm of the country is in flux. People who are shocked by the huge costs of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system seek to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, as well as by exaggerating fears about possible job loss.
Policy and academic analysts are starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two developments are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of the country's political evolution including democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies the key factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from lesser advanced forms of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event drew a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and received wide attention.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and also some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and got funding to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that hold seminars and present talks to school children and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new model of development. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also requires a change in the incentives and monitoring strategies that have created the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. He also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central rule system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.